20 files changed, 1529 insertions, 1339 deletions

@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+#ifndef BOUNDING_BOX_H_75D2077D
+#define BOUNDING_BOX_H_75D2077D
+
+namespace twitter {
+  
+  class coordinate {
+  public:
+    
+    coordinate(int degrees, int minutes = 0, int seconds = 0) :
+      _degrees(degrees),
+      _minutes(minutes),
+      _seconds(seconds)
+    {
+    }
+    
+    int getDegrees() const
+    {
+      return _degrees;
+    }
+    
+    int getMinutes() const
+    {
+      return _minutes;
+    }
+    
+    int getSeconds() const
+    {
+      return _seconds;
+    }
+    
+    operator double() const
+    {
+      return (double)_degrees + ((double)_minutes / (double)60) + ((double)_seconds / (double)3600);
+    }
+    
+  private:
+    
+    int _degrees;
+    int _minutes;
+    int _seconds;
+  };
+  
+  class bounding_box {
+  public:
+    
+    bounding_box(
+      coordinate south_west_long,
+      coordinate south_west_lat,
+      coordinate north_east_long,
+      coordinate north_east_lat) :
+        _south_west_long(south_west_long),
+        _south_west_lat(south_west_lat),
+        _north_east_long(north_east_long),
+        _north_east_lat(north_east_lat)
+    {
+    }
+    
+    const coordinate& getSouthWestLongitude() const
+    {
+      return _south_west_long;
+    }
+    
+    const coordinate& getSouthWestLatitude() const
+    {
+      return _south_west_lat;
+    }
+    
+    const coordinate& getNorthEastLongitude() const
+    {
+      return _north_east_long;
+    }
+    
+    const coordinate& getNorthEastLatitude() const
+    {
+      return _north_east_lat;
+    }
+    
+  private:
+    
+    coordinate _south_west_long;
+    coordinate _south_west_lat;
+    coordinate _north_east_long;
+    coordinate _north_east_lat;
+  };
+  
+}
+
+#endif /* end of include guard: BOUNDING_BOX_H_75D2077D */
@@ -5,10 +5,8 @@
 #include <liboauthcpp/liboauthcpp.h>
 #include <curl_easy.h>
 #include <curl_header.h>
-#include "util.h"
 #include <json.hpp>
-
-using nlohmann::json;
+#include <thread>
 
 // These are here for debugging curl stuff
 
@@ -84,99 +82,315 @@ int my_trace(CURL *handle, curl_infotype type,
 
 namespace twitter {
   
-  int client_stream_progress_callback_wrapper(void* cdata, curl_off_t, curl_off_t, curl_off_t, curl_off_t)
+  class request
   {
-    return static_cast<client::stream*>(cdata)->progress();
-  }
+  public:
+    
+    explicit request(std::string url) try
+      : _ios(_output), _conn(_ios)
+    {
+      _conn.add<CURLOPT_URL>(url.c_str());
+    } catch (const curl::curl_easy_exception& error)
+    {
+      error.print_traceback();
+    
+      assert(false);
+    }
+    
+    std::string perform()
+    {
+      try
+      {
+        _conn.perform();
+      } catch (const curl::curl_easy_exception& error)
+      {
+        std::throw_with_nested(connection_error());
+      }
+    
+      int response_code = _conn.get_info<CURLINFO_RESPONSE_CODE>().get();
+      std::string result = _output.str();
+    
+      if (response_code / 100 != 2)
+      {
+        nlohmann::json response_json;
+      
+        try
+        {
+          response_json = nlohmann::json::parse(result);
+        } catch (const std::invalid_argument& e)
+        {
+          std::throw_with_nested(invalid_response(result));
+        }
+    
+        for (nlohmann::json& error : response_json["errors"])
+        {
+          int error_code;
+          std::string error_message;
+      
+          try
+          {
+            error_code = error["code"].get<int>();
+            error_message = error["message"].get<std::string>();
+          } catch (const std::domain_error& e)
+          {
+            std::throw_with_nested(invalid_response(result));
+          }
+      
+          switch (error_code)
+          {
+          case 32:
+          case 135:
+          case 215:
+            throw bad_auth(error_message);
+        
+          case 44:
+            throw invalid_media(error_message);
+        
+          case 64:
+            throw account_suspended(error_message);
+        
+          case 88:
+            throw rate_limit_exceeded(error_message);
+        
+          case 89:
+            throw bad_token(error_message);
+        
+          case 130:
+            throw server_overloaded(error_message);
+        
+          case 131:
+            throw server_error(error_message);
+      
+          case 185:
+            throw update_limit_exceeded(error_message);
+        
+          case 186:
+            throw bad_length(error_message);
+        
+          case 187:
+            throw duplicate_status(error_message);
+        
+          case 226:
+            throw suspected_spam(error_message);
+        
+          case 261:
+            throw write_restricted(error_message);
+          }
+        }
+
+        if (response_code == 429)
+        {
+          throw rate_limit_exceeded("HTTP 429 Too Many Requests");
+        } else if (response_code == 500)
+        {
+          throw server_error("HTTP 500 Internal Server Error");
+        } else if (response_code == 502)
+        {
+          throw server_unavailable("HTTP 502 Bad Gateway");
+        } else if (response_code == 503)
+        {
+          throw server_overloaded("HTTP 503 Service Unavailable");
+        } else if (response_code == 504)
+        {
+          throw server_timeout("HTTP 504 Gateway Timeout");
+        }
+      
+        throw unknown_error(response_code, result);
+      }
+    
+      return result;
+    }
+    
+  private:
+    
+    std::ostringstream _output;
+    curl::curl_ios<std::ostringstream> _ios;
+    
+  protected:
+    
+    curl::curl_easy _conn;
+  };
   
-  size_t client_stream_write_callback_wrapper(void* ptr, size_t size, size_t nmemb, void* cdata)
+  class get : public request
   {
-    return static_cast<client::stream*>(cdata)->write(static_cast<char*>(ptr), size, nmemb);
-  }
+  public:
+    
+    get(const OAuth::Client& oauth_client, std::string url) try
+      : request(url)
+    {
+      std::string oauth_header = oauth_client.getFormattedHttpHeader(OAuth::Http::Get, url, "");
+      if (!oauth_header.empty())
+      {
+        _headers.add(std::move(oauth_header));
+      }
   
-  client::client(const auth& _arg)
+      _conn.add<CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER>(_headers.get());
+    } catch (const OAuth::ParseError& error)
+    {
+      std::cout << "Error generating OAuth header:" << std::endl;
+      std::cout << error.what() << std::endl;
+      std::cout << "This is likely due to a malformed URL." << std::endl;
+    
+      assert(false);
+    } catch (const curl::curl_easy_exception& error)
+    {
+      error.print_traceback();
+  
+      assert(false);
+    }
+    
+  private:
+    
+    curl::curl_header _headers;
+  };
+  
+  class post : public request
   {
-    _oauth_consumer = new OAuth::Consumer(_arg.getConsumerKey(), _arg.getConsumerSecret());
-    _oauth_token = new OAuth::Token(_arg.getAccessKey(), _arg.getAccessSecret());
-    _oauth_client = new OAuth::Client(_oauth_consumer, _oauth_token);
-    
-    std::string url = "https://api.twitter.com/1.1/account/verify_credentials.json";
-    long response_code;
-    std::string response_data;
-    if (performGet(url, response_code, response_data) && (response_code == 200))
+  public:
+    
+    post(const OAuth::Client& oauth_client, std::string url, std::string datastr) try
+      : request(url)
     {
-      try {
-        _current_user = user(response_data);
-      } catch (std::invalid_argument e)
+      std::string oauth_header = oauth_client.getFormattedHttpHeader(OAuth::Http::Post, url, datastr);
+      if (!oauth_header.empty())
       {
-        // Ignore
+        _headers.add(std::move(oauth_header));
       }
+  
+      _conn.add<CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER>(_headers.get());
+      _conn.add<CURLOPT_COPYPOSTFIELDS>(datastr.c_str());
+    } catch (const OAuth::ParseError& error)
+    {
+      std::cout << "Error generating OAuth header:" << std::endl;
+      std::cout << error.what() << std::endl;
+      std::cout << "This is likely due to a malformed URL." << std::endl;
+    
+      assert(false);
+    } catch (const curl::curl_easy_exception& error)
+    {
+      error.print_traceback();
+  
+      assert(false);
     }
-  }
+    
+  private:
+    
+    curl::curl_header _headers;
+  };
+  
+  class multipost : public request
+  {
+  public:
+    
+    multipost(const OAuth::Client& oauth_client, std::string url, const curl_httppost* fields) try
+      : request(url)
+    {
+      std::string oauth_header = oauth_client.getFormattedHttpHeader(OAuth::Http::Post, url, "");
+      if (!oauth_header.empty())
+      {
+        _headers.add(std::move(oauth_header));
+      }
+  
+      _conn.add<CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER>(_headers.get());
+      _conn.add<CURLOPT_HTTPPOST>(fields);
+    } catch (const OAuth::ParseError& error)
+    {
+      std::cout << "Error generating OAuth header:" << std::endl;
+      std::cout << error.what() << std::endl;
+      std::cout << "This is likely due to a malformed URL." << std::endl;
+    
+      assert(false);
+    } catch (const curl::curl_easy_exception& error)
+    {
+      error.print_traceback();
   
-  client::~client()
+      assert(false);
+    }
+    
+  private:
+    
+    curl::curl_header _headers;
+  };
+    
+  client::client(const auth& _arg)
   {
-    delete _oauth_client;
-    delete _oauth_token;
-    delete _oauth_consumer;
+    _oauth_consumer =
+      make_unique<OAuth::Consumer>(
+        _arg.getConsumerKey(),
+        _arg.getConsumerSecret());
+          
+    _oauth_token =
+      make_unique<OAuth::Token>(
+        _arg.getAccessKey(),
+        _arg.getAccessSecret());
+          
+    _oauth_client =
+      make_unique<OAuth::Client>(
+        _oauth_consumer.get(),
+        _oauth_token.get());
+    
+    _current_user =
+      make_unique<user>(*this,
+        get(*_oauth_client,
+          "https://api.twitter.com/1.1/account/verify_credentials.json")
+        .perform());
   }
   
-  response client::updateStatus(std::string msg, tweet& result, tweet in_response_to, std::list<long> media_ids)
+  client::~client() = default;
+  
+  tweet client::updateStatus(std::string msg, std::list<long> media_ids) const
   {
     std::stringstream datastrstream;
     datastrstream << "status=" << OAuth::PercentEncode(msg);
     
-    if (in_response_to)
-    {
-      datastrstream << "&in_reply_to_status_id=";
-      datastrstream << in_response_to.getID();
-    }
-    
     if (!media_ids.empty())
     {
       datastrstream << "&media_ids=";
       datastrstream << twitter::implode(std::begin(media_ids), std::end(media_ids), ",");
     }
     
-    std::string datastr = datastrstream.str();
-    std::string url = "https://api.twitter.com/1.1/statuses/update.json";
+    return tweet(*this,
+      post(*_oauth_client,
+        "https://api.twitter.com/1.1/statuses/update.json",
+        datastrstream.str())
+      .perform());
+  }
+  
+  tweet client::replyToTweet(std::string msg, tweet_id in_response_to, std::list<long> media_ids) const
+  {
+    std::stringstream datastrstream;
+    datastrstream << "status=" << OAuth::PercentEncode(msg);
+    datastrstream << "&in_reply_to_status_id=";
+    datastrstream << in_response_to;
     
-    long response_code;
-    std::string response_data;
-    if (!performPost(url, datastr, response_code, response_data))
+    if (!media_ids.empty())
     {
-      return response::curl_error;
+      datastrstream << "&media_ids=";
+      datastrstream << twitter::implode(std::begin(media_ids), std::end(media_ids), ",");
     }
     
-    if (response_code == 200)
-    {
-      try {
-        result = tweet(response_data);
-        return response::ok;
-      } catch (std::invalid_argument e)
-      {
-        return response::invalid_response;
-      }
-    } else {
-      return codeForError(response_code, response_data);
-    }
+    return tweet(*this,
+      post(*_oauth_client,
+        "https://api.twitter.com/1.1/statuses/update.json",
+        datastrstream.str())
+      .perform());
   }
   
-  response client::uploadMedia(std::string media_type, const char* data, long data_length, long& media_id)
+  long client::uploadMedia(std::string media_type, const char* data, long data_length) const try
   {
     curl::curl_form form;
+    std::string str_data_length = std::to_string(data_length);
     
     curl::curl_pair<CURLformoption, std::string> command_name(CURLFORM_COPYNAME, "command");
     curl::curl_pair<CURLformoption, std::string> command_cont(CURLFORM_COPYCONTENTS, "INIT");
     curl::curl_pair<CURLformoption, std::string> bytes_name(CURLFORM_COPYNAME, "total_bytes");
-    std::string str_data_length = std::to_string(data_length);
     curl::curl_pair<CURLformoption, std::string> bytes_cont(CURLFORM_COPYCONTENTS, str_data_length);
     curl::curl_pair<CURLformoption, std::string> type_name(CURLFORM_COPYNAME, "media_type");
     curl::curl_pair<CURLformoption, std::string> type_cont(CURLFORM_COPYCONTENTS, media_type);
     form.add(command_name, command_cont);
     form.add(bytes_name, bytes_cont);
     form.add(type_name, type_cont);
-    
+
     if (media_type == "image/gif")
     {
       curl::curl_pair<CURLformoption, std::string> category_name(CURLFORM_COPYNAME, "media_category");
@@ -184,212 +398,109 @@ namespace twitter {
       form.add(category_name, category_cont);
     }
     
-    long response_code;
-    std::string response_data;
-    if (!performMultiPost("https://upload.twitter.com/1.1/media/upload.json", form.get(), response_code, response_data))
-    {
-      return response::curl_error;
-    }
+    std::string init_response =
+      multipost(*_oauth_client,
+        "https://upload.twitter.com/1.1/media/upload.json",
+        form.get())
+      .perform();
+
+    long media_id;
     
-    if (response_code / 100 != 2)
+    try
     {
-      return codeForError(response_code, response_data);
-    }
-    
-    json response_json;
-    try {
-      response_json = json::parse(response_data);
-    } catch (std::invalid_argument e)
+      nlohmann::json response_json = nlohmann::json::parse(init_response);
+      media_id = response_json["media_id"].get<long>();
+    } catch (const std::invalid_argument& error)
+    {
+      std::throw_with_nested(invalid_response(init_response));
+    } catch (const std::domain_error& error)
     {
-      return response::invalid_response;
+      std::throw_with_nested(invalid_response(init_response));
     }
-    
-    media_id = response_json["media_id"].get<long>();
 
+    // TODO: Currently have to use the C libcurl API to create this form because it uses a buffer and
+    // libcurlcpp currently messes that up.
     curl_httppost* append_form_post = nullptr;
     curl_httppost* append_form_last = nullptr;
-    curl_formadd(&append_form_post, &append_form_last, CURLFORM_COPYNAME, "command", CURLFORM_COPYCONTENTS, "APPEND", CURLFORM_END);
-    curl_formadd(&append_form_post, &append_form_last, CURLFORM_COPYNAME, "media_id", CURLFORM_COPYCONTENTS, std::to_string(media_id).c_str(), CURLFORM_END);
-    curl_formadd(&append_form_post, &append_form_last, CURLFORM_COPYNAME, "media", CURLFORM_BUFFER, "media", CURLFORM_BUFFERPTR, data, CURLFORM_BUFFERLENGTH, data_length, CURLFORM_CONTENTTYPE, "application/octet-stream", CURLFORM_END);
-    curl_formadd(&append_form_post, &append_form_last, CURLFORM_COPYNAME, "segment_index", CURLFORM_COPYCONTENTS, std::to_string(0).c_str(), CURLFORM_END);
-    if (!performMultiPost("https://upload.twitter.com/1.1/media/upload.json", append_form_post, response_code, response_data))
+    if ( curl_formadd(&append_form_post, &append_form_last, CURLFORM_COPYNAME, "command", CURLFORM_COPYCONTENTS, "APPEND", CURLFORM_END)
+      || curl_formadd(&append_form_post, &append_form_last, CURLFORM_COPYNAME, "media_id", CURLFORM_COPYCONTENTS, std::to_string(media_id).c_str(), CURLFORM_END)
+      || curl_formadd(&append_form_post, &append_form_last, CURLFORM_COPYNAME, "media", CURLFORM_BUFFER, "media", CURLFORM_BUFFERPTR, data, CURLFORM_BUFFERLENGTH, data_length, CURLFORM_CONTENTTYPE, "application/octet-stream", CURLFORM_END)
+      || curl_formadd(&append_form_post, &append_form_last, CURLFORM_COPYNAME, "segment_index", CURLFORM_COPYCONTENTS, std::to_string(0).c_str(), CURLFORM_END))
     {
-      return response::curl_error;
+      assert(false);
     }
     
-    curl_formfree(append_form_post);
+    multipost(*_oauth_client, "https://upload.twitter.com/1.1/media/upload.json", append_form_post).perform();
     
-    if (response_code / 100 != 2)
-    {
-      return codeForError(response_code, response_data);
-    }
+    curl_formfree(append_form_post);
     
     curl::curl_form finalize_form;
+    std::string str_media_id = std::to_string(media_id);
+    
     curl::curl_pair<CURLformoption, std::string> command3_name(CURLFORM_COPYNAME, "command");
     curl::curl_pair<CURLformoption, std::string> command3_cont(CURLFORM_COPYCONTENTS, "FINALIZE");
     curl::curl_pair<CURLformoption, std::string> media_id_name(CURLFORM_COPYNAME, "media_id");
-    std::string str_media_id = std::to_string(media_id);
     curl::curl_pair<CURLformoption, std::string> media_id_cont(CURLFORM_COPYCONTENTS, str_media_id);
     finalize_form.add(command3_name, command3_cont);
     finalize_form.add(media_id_name, media_id_cont);
     
-    if (!performMultiPost("https://upload.twitter.com/1.1/media/upload.json", finalize_form.get(), response_code, response_data))
-    {
-      return response::curl_error;
-    }
+    std::string finalize_response =
+      multipost(*_oauth_client,
+        "https://upload.twitter.com/1.1/media/upload.json",
+        finalize_form.get())
+      .perform();
+
+    nlohmann::json finalize_json;
     
-    if (response_code / 100 != 2)
+    try
     {
-      return codeForError(response_code, response_data);
-    }
-    
-    try {
-      response_json = json::parse(response_data);
-    } catch (std::invalid_argument e)
+      finalize_json = nlohmann::json::parse(finalize_response);
+    } catch (const std::invalid_argument& error)
     {
-      return response::invalid_response;
+      std::throw_with_nested(invalid_response(finalize_response));
     }
     
-    if (response_json.find("processing_info") != response_json.end())
+    if (finalize_json.find("processing_info") != finalize_json.end())
     {
       std::stringstream datastr;
       datastr << "https://upload.twitter.com/1.1/media/upload.json?command=STATUS&media_id=" << media_id;
       
       for (;;)
       {
-        if (!performGet(datastr.str(), response_code, response_data))
-        {
-          return response::curl_error;
-        }
+        std::string status_response = get(*_oauth_client, datastr.str()).perform();
         
-        if (response_code / 100 != 2)
+        try
         {
-          return codeForError(response_code, response_data);
-        }
-        
-        try {
-          response_json = json::parse(response_data);
-        } catch (std::invalid_argument e)
+          nlohmann::json status_json = nlohmann::json::parse(status_response);
+          std::string state = status_json["processing_info"]["state"].get<std::string>();
+          
+          if (state == "succeeded")
+          {
+            break;
+          }
+          
+          int ttw = status_json["processing_info"]["check_after_secs"].get<int>();
+          std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(ttw));
+        } catch (const std::invalid_argument& error)
         {
-          return response::invalid_response;
-        }
-        
-        if (response_json["processing_info"]["state"] == "succeeded")
+          std::throw_with_nested(invalid_response(status_response));
+        } catch (const std::domain_error& error)
         {
-          break;
+          std::throw_with_nested(invalid_response(status_response));
         }
-        
-        int ttw = response_json["processing_info"]["check_after_secs"].get<int>();
-        std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(ttw));
       }
     }
     
-    return response::ok;
-  }
-  
-  response client::follow(user_id toFollow)
+    return media_id;
+  } catch (const curl::curl_exception& error)
   {
-    std::stringstream datastrstream;
-    datastrstream << "follow=true&user_id=";
-    datastrstream << toFollow;
-    
-    std::string datastr = datastrstream.str();
-    std::string url = "https://api.twitter.com/1.1/friendships/create.json";
+    error.print_traceback();
     
-    long response_code;
-    std::string response_data;
-    if (!performPost(url, datastr, response_code, response_data))
-    {
-      return response::curl_error;
-    }
-    
-    if (response_code == 200)
-    {
-      return response::ok;
-    } else {
-      return codeForError(response_code, response_data);
-    }
-  }
-  
-  response client::follow(user toFollow)
-  {
-    return follow(toFollow.getID());
-  }
-  
-  response client::unfollow(user_id toUnfollow)
-  {
-    std::stringstream datastrstream;
-    datastrstream << "user_id=";
-    datastrstream << toUnfollow;
-    
-    std::string datastr = datastrstream.str();
-    std::string url = "https://api.twitter.com/1.1/friendships/destroy.json";
-    
-    long response_code;
-    std::string response_data;
-    if (!performPost(url, datastr, response_code, response_data))
-    {
-      return response::curl_error;
-    }
-    
-    if (response_code == 200)
-    {
-      return response::ok;
-    } else {
-      return codeForError(response_code, response_data);
-    }
-  }
-  
-  response client::unfollow(user toUnfollow)
-  {
-    return unfollow(toUnfollow.getID());
+    assert(false);
   }
   
-  response client::getUser(user& result)
+  std::set<user_id> client::getFriends(user_id id) const
   {
-    if (!_current_user)
-    {
-      std::string url = "https://api.twitter.com/1.1/account/verify_credentials.json";
-      long response_code;
-      std::string response_data;
-      if (performGet(url, response_code, response_data) && (response_code == 200))
-      {
-        try {
-          _current_user = user(response_data);
-        } catch (std::invalid_argument e)
-        {
-          return response::invalid_response;
-        }
-      }
-    }
-    
-    result = _current_user;
-    return response::ok;
-  }
-  
-  configuration client::getConfiguration()
-  {
-    if (!_configuration || (difftime(time(NULL), _last_configuration_update) > 60*60*24))
-    {
-      long response_code;
-      std::string response_data;
-      if (performGet("https://api.twitter.com/1.1/help/configuration.json", response_code, response_data))
-      {
-        _configuration = configuration(response_data);
-        _last_configuration_update = time(NULL);
-      }
-    }
-    
-    return _configuration;
-  }
-  
-  response client::getFriends(std::set<user_id>& _ret)
-  {
-    if (!_current_user)
-    {
-      return response::unknown_error;
-    }
-    
     long long cursor = -1;
     std::set<user_id> result;
     
@@ -397,48 +508,33 @@ namespace twitter {
     {
       std::stringstream urlstream;
       urlstream << "https://api.twitter.com/1.1/friends/ids.json?user_id=";
-      urlstream << _current_user.getID();
+      urlstream << id;
       urlstream << "&cursor=";
       urlstream << cursor;
   
       std::string url = urlstream.str();
-  
-      long response_code;
-      std::string response_data;
-      if (!performGet(url, response_code, response_data))
-      {
-        return response::curl_error;
-      }
-  
-      if (response_code == 200)
+      std::string response_data = get(*_oauth_client, url).perform();
+      
+      try
       {
-        json rjs;
-        try {
-          rjs = json::parse(response_data);
-        } catch (std::invalid_argument e)
-        {
-          return response::invalid_response;
-        }
+        nlohmann::json rjs = nlohmann::json::parse(response_data);
         
-        cursor = rjs.at("next_cursor");
-        result.insert(std::begin(rjs.at("ids")), std::end(rjs.at("ids")));
-      } else {
-        return codeForError(response_code, response_data);
+        cursor = rjs["next_cursor"].get<long long>();
+        result.insert(std::begin(rjs["ids"]), std::end(rjs["ids"]));
+      } catch (const std::invalid_argument& error)
+      {
+        std::throw_with_nested(invalid_response(response_data));
+      } catch (const std::domain_error& error)
+      {
+        std::throw_with_nested(invalid_response(response_data));
       }
     }
     
-    _ret = result;
-    
-    return response::ok;
+    return result;
   }
   
-  response client::getFollowers(std::set<user_id>& _ret)
+  std::set<user_id> client::getFollowers(user_id id) const
   {
-    if (!_current_user)
-    {
-      return response::unknown_error;
-    }
-    
     long long cursor = -1;
     std::set<user_id> result;
     
@@ -446,473 +542,68 @@ namespace twitter {
     {
       std::stringstream urlstream;
       urlstream << "https://api.twitter.com/1.1/followers/ids.json?user_id=";
-      urlstream << _current_user.getID();
+      urlstream << id;
       urlstream << "&cursor=";
       urlstream << cursor;
   
       std::string url = urlstream.str();
-  
-      long response_code;
-      std::string response_data;
-      if (!performGet(url, response_code, response_data))
-      {
-        return response::curl_error;
-      }
-  
-      if (response_code == 200)
+      std::string response_data = get(*_oauth_client, url).perform();
+      
+      try
       {
-        json rjs;
-        try {
-          rjs = json::parse(response_data);
-        } catch (std::invalid_argument e)
-        {
-          return response::invalid_response;
-        }
+        nlohmann::json rjs = nlohmann::json::parse(response_data);
         
-        cursor = rjs.at("next_cursor");
-        result.insert(std::begin(rjs.at("ids")), std::end(rjs.at("ids")));
-      } else {
-        return codeForError(response_code, response_data);
-      }
-    }
-    
-    _ret = result;
-    
-    return response::ok;
-  }
-  
-  void client::setUserStreamNotifyCallback(stream::notify_callback callback)
-  {
-    _user_stream.setNotifyCallback(callback);
-  }
-  
-  void client::setUserStreamReceiveAllReplies(bool _arg)
-  {
-    _user_stream.setReceiveAllReplies(_arg);
-  }
-  
-  void client::startUserStream()
-  {
-    _user_stream.start();
-  }
-  
-  void client::stopUserStream()
-  {
-    _user_stream.stop();
-  }
-  
-  std::string client::generateReplyPrefill(tweet _tweet) const
-  {
-    std::ostringstream output;
-    output << "@" << _tweet.getAuthor().getScreenName() << " ";
-    
-    for (auto mention : _tweet.getMentions())
-    {
-      if ((mention.first != _tweet.getAuthor().getID()) && (mention.first != _current_user.getID()))
+        cursor = rjs["next_cursor"].get<long long>();
+        result.insert(std::begin(rjs["ids"]), std::end(rjs["ids"]));
+      } catch (const std::invalid_argument& error)
       {
-        output << "@" << mention.second << " ";
+        std::throw_with_nested(invalid_response(response_data));
+      } catch (const std::domain_error& error)
+      {
+        std::throw_with_nested(invalid_response(response_data));
       }
     }
     
-    return output.str();
-  }
-  
-  bool client::performGet(std::string url, long& response_code, std::string& result)
-  {
-    std::ostringstream output;
-    curl::curl_ios<std::ostringstream> ios(output);
-    curl::curl_easy conn(ios);
-    
-    curl::curl_header headers;
-    std::string oauth_header = _oauth_client->getFormattedHttpHeader(OAuth::Http::Get, url, "");
-    if (!oauth_header.empty())
-    {
-      headers.add(oauth_header);
-    }
-    
-    try {
-      //conn.add<CURLOPT_VERBOSE>(1);
-      //conn.add<CURLOPT_DEBUGFUNCTION>(my_trace);
-      conn.add<CURLOPT_URL>(url.c_str());
-      conn.add<CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER>(headers.get());
-      
-      conn.perform();
-    } catch (curl::curl_easy_exception error)
-    {
-      error.print_traceback();
-      
-      return false;
-    }
-    
-    response_code = conn.get_info<CURLINFO_RESPONSE_CODE>().get();
-    result = output.str();
-    
-    return true;
-  }
-  
-  bool client::performPost(std::string url, std::string datastr, long& response_code, std::string& result)
-  {
-    std::ostringstream output;
-    curl::curl_ios<std::ostringstream> ios(output);
-    curl::curl_easy conn(ios);
-    
-    curl::curl_header headers;
-    std::string oauth_header = _oauth_client->getFormattedHttpHeader(OAuth::Http::Post, url, datastr);
-    if (!oauth_header.empty())
-    {
-      headers.add(oauth_header);
-    }
-    
-    try {
-      //conn.add<CURLOPT_VERBOSE>(1);
-      //conn.add<CURLOPT_DEBUGFUNCTION>(my_trace);
-      conn.add<CURLOPT_URL>(url.c_str());
-      conn.add<CURLOPT_COPYPOSTFIELDS>(datastr.c_str());
-      conn.add<CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER>(headers.get());
-      
-      conn.perform();
-    } catch (curl::curl_easy_exception error)
-    {
-      error.print_traceback();
-      
-      return false;
-    }
-    
-    response_code = conn.get_info<CURLINFO_RESPONSE_CODE>().get();
-    result = output.str();
-    
-    return true;
-  }
-  
-  bool client::performMultiPost(std::string url, const curl_httppost* fields, long& response_code, std::string& result)
-  {
-    std::ostringstream output;
-    curl::curl_ios<std::ostringstream> ios(output);
-    curl::curl_easy conn(ios);
-    
-    curl::curl_header headers;
-    std::string oauth_header = _oauth_client->getFormattedHttpHeader(OAuth::Http::Post, url, "");
-    if (!oauth_header.empty())
-    {
-      headers.add(oauth_header);
-    }
-    
-    try {
-      //conn.add<CURLOPT_VERBOSE>(1);
-      //conn.add<CURLOPT_DEBUGFUNCTION>(my_trace);
-      conn.add<CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER>(headers.get());
-      conn.add<CURLOPT_URL>(url.c_str());
-      conn.add<CURLOPT_HTTPPOST>(fields);
-      
-      conn.perform();
-    } catch (curl::curl_easy_exception error)
-    {
-      error.print_traceback();
-      
-      return false;
-    }
-    
-    response_code = conn.get_info<CURLINFO_RESPONSE_CODE>().get();
-    result = output.str();
-    
-    return true;
+    return result;
   }
   
-  response client::codeForError(int response_code, std::string response_data) const
+  void client::follow(user_id toFollow) const
   {
-    json response_json;
-    try {
-      response_json = json::parse(response_data);
-    } catch (std::invalid_argument e)
-    {
-      return response::invalid_response;
-    }
-    
-    std::set<int> error_codes;
-    if (response_json.find("errors") != response_json.end())
-    {
-      std::transform(std::begin(response_json["errors"]), std::end(response_json["errors"]), std::inserter(error_codes, std::begin(error_codes)), [] (const json& error) {
-        return error["code"].get<int>();
-      });
-    }
-    
-    if (error_codes.count(32) == 1 || error_codes.count(135) == 1 || error_codes.count(215) == 1)
-    {
-      return response::bad_auth;
-    } else if (error_codes.count(64) == 1)
-    {
-      return response::suspended;
-    } else if (error_codes.count(88) == 1 || error_codes.count(185) == 1)
-    {
-      return response::limited;
-    } else if (error_codes.count(89) == 1)
-    {
-      return response::bad_token;
-    } else if (error_codes.count(130) == 1)
-    {
-      return response::server_overloaded;
-    } else if (error_codes.count(131) == 1)
-    {
-      return response::server_error;
-    } else if (error_codes.count(186) == 1)
-    {
-      return response::bad_length;
-    } else if (error_codes.count(187) == 1)
-    {
-      return response::duplicate_status;
-    } else if (error_codes.count(226) == 1)
-    {
-      return response::suspected_spam;
-    } else if (error_codes.count(261) == 1)
-    {
-      return response::write_restricted;
-    } else if (error_codes.count(44) == 1)
-    {
-      return response::invalid_media;
-    } else if (response_code == 429)
-    {
-      return response::limited;
-    } else if (response_code == 500)
-    {
-      return response::server_error;
-    } else if (response_code == 502)
-    {
-      return response::server_unavailable;
-    } else if (response_code == 503)
-    {
-      return response::server_overloaded;
-    } else if (response_code == 504)
-    {
-      return response::server_timeout;
-    } else {
-      return response::unknown_error;
-    }
-  }
-  
-  client::stream::stream(client& _client) : _client(_client)
-  {
-    
-  }
-  
-  bool client::stream::isRunning() const
-  {
-    return _thread.joinable();
-  }
-  
-  void client::stream::setNotifyCallback(notify_callback _n)
-  {
-    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> _running_lock(_running_mutex);
-    
-    if (!_thread.joinable())
-    {
-      _notify = _n;
-    }
-  }
-  
-  void client::stream::setReceiveAllReplies(bool _arg)
-  {
-    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> _running_lock(_running_mutex);
-    
-    if (!_thread.joinable())
-    {
-      _receive_all_replies = _arg;
-    }
-  }
-    
-  void client::stream::start()
-  {
-    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> _running_lock(_running_mutex);
+    std::stringstream datastrstream;
+    datastrstream << "follow=true&user_id=";
+    datastrstream << toFollow;
     
-    if (!_thread.joinable())
-    {
-      _thread = std::thread(&stream::run, this);
-    }
+    post(*_oauth_client, "https://api.twitter.com/1.1/friendships/create.json", datastrstream.str()).perform();
   }
   
-  void client::stream::stop()
+  void client::unfollow(user_id toUnfollow) const
   {
-    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> _running_lock(_running_mutex);
+    std::stringstream datastrstream;
+    datastrstream << "user_id=";
+    datastrstream << toUnfollow;
     
-    if (_thread.joinable())
-    {
-      _stop = true;
-      _thread.join();
-      _stop = false;
-    }
+    post(*_oauth_client, "https://api.twitter.com/1.1/friendships/destroy.json", datastrstream.str()).perform();
   }
-  
-  void client::stream::run()
-  {
-    curl::curl_easy conn;
-    std::ostringstream urlstr;
-    urlstr << "https://userstream.twitter.com/1.1/user.json";
-    
-    if (_receive_all_replies)
-    {
-      urlstr << "?replies=all";
-    }
-    
-    std::string url = urlstr.str();
-    curl::curl_header headers;
-    std::string oauth_header = _client._oauth_client->getFormattedHttpHeader(OAuth::Http::Get, url, "");
-    if (!oauth_header.empty())
-    {
-      headers.add(oauth_header);
-    }
-    
-    conn.add<CURLOPT_WRITEFUNCTION>(client_stream_write_callback_wrapper);
-    conn.add<CURLOPT_WRITEDATA>(this);
-    conn.add<CURLOPT_HEADERFUNCTION>(nullptr);
-    conn.add<CURLOPT_HEADERDATA>(nullptr);
-    conn.add<CURLOPT_XFERINFOFUNCTION>(client_stream_progress_callback_wrapper);
-    conn.add<CURLOPT_XFERINFODATA>(this);
-    conn.add<CURLOPT_NOPROGRESS>(0);
-    //conn.add<CURLOPT_VERBOSE>(1);
-    //conn.add<CURLOPT_DEBUGFUNCTION>(my_trace);
-    conn.add<CURLOPT_URL>(url.c_str());
-    conn.add<CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER>(headers.get());
-    
-    _backoff_type = backoff::none;
-    _backoff_amount = std::chrono::milliseconds(0);
-    for (;;)
-    {
-      bool failure = false;
-      try {
-        conn.perform();
-      } catch (curl::curl_easy_exception error)
-      {
-        failure = true;
-        if ((error.get_code() == CURLE_ABORTED_BY_CALLBACK) && _stop)
-        {
-          break;
-        } else {
-          if (_backoff_type == backoff::none)
-          {
-            _established = false;
-            _backoff_type = backoff::network;
-            _backoff_amount = std::chrono::milliseconds(0);
-          }
-        }
-      }
-      
-      if (!failure)
-      {
-        long response_code = conn.get_info<CURLINFO_RESPONSE_CODE>().get();
-        if (response_code == 420)
-        {
-          if (_backoff_type == backoff::none)
-          {
-            _established = false;
-            _backoff_type = backoff::rate_limit;
-            _backoff_amount = std::chrono::minutes(1);
-          }
-        } else if (response_code != 200)
-        {
-          if (_backoff_type == backoff::none)
-          {
-            _established = false;
-            _backoff_type = backoff::http;
-            _backoff_amount = std::chrono::seconds(5);
-          }
-        } else {
-          if (_backoff_type == backoff::none)
-          {
-            _established = false;
-            _backoff_type = backoff::network;
-            _backoff_amount = std::chrono::milliseconds(0);
-          }
-        }
-      }
-      
-      std::this_thread::sleep_for(_backoff_amount);
 
-      switch (_backoff_type)
-      {
-        case backoff::network:
-        {
-          if (_backoff_amount < std::chrono::seconds(16))
-          {
-            _backoff_amount += std::chrono::milliseconds(250);
-          }
-          
-          break;
-        }
-        
-        case backoff::http:
-        {
-          if (_backoff_amount < std::chrono::seconds(320))
-          {
-            _backoff_amount *= 2;
-          }
-          
-          break;
-        }
-        
-        case backoff::rate_limit:
-        {
-          _backoff_amount *= 2;
-          
-          break;
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  }
-  
-  size_t client::stream::write(char* ptr, size_t size, size_t nmemb)
+  const user& client::getUser() const
   {
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < size*nmemb; i++)
-    {
-      if (ptr[i] == '\r')
-      {
-        i++; // Skip the \n
-        
-        if (!_buffer.empty())
-        {
-          notification n(_buffer, _client._current_user);
-          if (n.getType() == notification::type::friends)
-          {
-            _established = true;
-            _backoff_type = backoff::none;
-            _backoff_amount = std::chrono::milliseconds(0);
-          }
-          
-          if (_notify)
-          {
-            _notify(n);
-          }
-                    
-          _buffer = "";
-        }
-      } else {
-        _buffer.push_back(ptr[i]);
-      }
-    }
-    
-    {
-      std::lock_guard<std::mutex> _stall_lock(_stall_mutex);
-      time(&_last_write);
-    }
-    
-    return size*nmemb;
+    return *_current_user;
   }
   
-  int client::stream::progress()
+  const configuration& client::getConfiguration() const
   {
-    if (_stop)
-    {
-      return 1;
-    }
-    
-    if (_established)
+    if (!_configuration || (difftime(time(NULL), _last_configuration_update) > 60*60*24))
     {
-      std::lock_guard<std::mutex> _stall_lock(_stall_mutex);
-      if (difftime(time(NULL), _last_write) >= 90)
-      {
-        return 1;
-      }
+      _configuration =
+        make_unique<configuration>(
+          get(*_oauth_client,
+            "https://api.twitter.com/1.1/help/configuration.json")
+          .perform());
+
+      _last_configuration_update = time(NULL);
     }
     
-    return 0;
+    return *_configuration;
   }
   
 };
@@ -1,17 +1,15 @@
 #ifndef TWITTER_H_ABFF6A12
 #define TWITTER_H_ABFF6A12
 
-#include "codes.h"
-#include "tweet.h"
-#include "auth.h"
 #include <list>
-#include <thread>
-#include <mutex>
-#include "notification.h"
 #include <set>
 #include <ctime>
-#include <chrono>
+#include <memory>
+#include "codes.h"
+#include "tweet.h"
+#include "auth.h"
 #include "configuration.h"
+#include "util.h"
 
 namespace OAuth {
   class Consumer;
@@ -19,96 +17,39 @@ namespace OAuth {
   class Client;
 };
 
-class curl_httppost;
-
 namespace twitter {
   
   class client {
-    public:
-      class stream {
-        public:
-          typedef std::function<void(notification _notification)> notify_callback;
-          
-          stream(client& _client);
-          
-          void setNotifyCallback(notify_callback _n);
-          void setReceiveAllReplies(bool _arg);
-          
-          bool isRunning() const;
-          void start();
-          void stop();
-          
-          int progress();
-          size_t write(char* ptr, size_t size, size_t nmemb);
-          
-        private:
-          enum class backoff {
-            none,
-            network,
-            http,
-            rate_limit
-          };
-          
-          void run();
-          
-          client& _client;
-          notify_callback _notify;
-          bool _stop = false;
-          std::thread _thread;
-          std::mutex _running_mutex;
-          std::mutex _stall_mutex;
-          std::string _buffer;
-          time_t _last_write;
-          bool _established = false;
-          backoff _backoff_type = backoff::none;
-          std::chrono::milliseconds _backoff_amount;
-          bool _receive_all_replies = false;
-      };
-      
-      client(const auth& _auth);
-      ~client();
-      
-      response updateStatus(std::string msg, tweet& result, tweet in_response_to = tweet(), std::list<long> media_ids = {});
-      response uploadMedia(std::string media_type, const char* data, long data_length, long& media_id);
-      
-      response follow(user_id toFollow);
-      response follow(user toFollow);
-      
-      response unfollow(user_id toUnfollow);
-      response unfollow(user toUnfollow);
-      
-      response getFriends(std::set<user_id>& result);
-      response getFollowers(std::set<user_id>& result);
-      
-      response getUser(user& result);
-      
-      configuration getConfiguration();
-      
-      // NOTE: stream setting function calls will fail silently when stream is running
-      void setUserStreamNotifyCallback(stream::notify_callback callback);
-      void setUserStreamReceiveAllReplies(bool _arg);
-      void startUserStream();
-      void stopUserStream();
-      
-      std::string generateReplyPrefill(tweet t) const;
-      
-    private:
-      friend class stream;
-      
-      OAuth::Consumer* _oauth_consumer;
-      OAuth::Token* _oauth_token;
-      OAuth::Client* _oauth_client;
-      
-      user _current_user;
-      stream _user_stream{*this};
-      
-      configuration _configuration;
-      time_t _last_configuration_update;
-      
-      bool performGet(std::string url, long& response_code, std::string& result);
-      bool performPost(std::string url, std::string dataStr, long& response_code, std::string& result);
-      bool performMultiPost(std::string url, const curl_httppost* fields, long& response_code, std::string& result);
-      response codeForError(int httpcode, std::string errors) const;
+  public:
+    
+    client(const auth& _auth);
+    ~client();
+    
+    tweet updateStatus(std::string msg, std::list<long> media_ids = {}) const;
+    long uploadMedia(std::string media_type, const char* data, long data_length) const;
+    
+    tweet replyToTweet(std::string msg, tweet_id in_response_to, std::list<long> media_ids = {}) const;
+    std::set<user_id> getFriends(user_id id) const;
+    std::set<user_id> getFollowers(user_id id) const;
+    void follow(user_id toFollow) const;
+    void unfollow(user_id toUnfollow) const;
+    
+    const user& getUser() const;
+    
+    const configuration& getConfiguration() const;
+    
+  private:
+    
+    friend class stream;
+    
+    std::unique_ptr<OAuth::Consumer> _oauth_consumer;
+    std::unique_ptr<OAuth::Token> _oauth_token;
+    std::unique_ptr<OAuth::Client> _oauth_client;
+    
+    std::unique_ptr<user> _current_user;
+    
+    mutable std::unique_ptr<configuration> _configuration;
+    mutable time_t _last_configuration_update;
   };
   
 };
@@ -1,24 +1,17 @@
 #include "codes.h"
+#include <sstream>
 
-std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, twitter::response r)
-{
-  switch (r)
+namespace twitter {
+  
+  const char* invalid_response::WHAT_TEXT = "Invalid response data received from Twitter";
+  const char* connection_error::WHAT_TEXT = "Error connecting to Twitter";
+  
+  std::string unknown_error::generateMessage(int response_code)
   {
-    case twitter::response::ok: return os << "OK";
-    case twitter::response::curl_error: return os << "Curl Error";
-    case twitter::response::bad_auth: return os << "Bad Auth";
-    case twitter::response::limited: return os << "Rate Limit Exceeded";
-    case twitter::response::server_error: return os << "Twitter Server Error";
-    case twitter::response::server_unavailable: return os << "Twitter Is Down";
-    case twitter::response::server_overloaded: return os << "Twitter Is Over Capacity";
-    case twitter::response::server_timeout: return os << "Twitter Connection Timed Out";
-    case twitter::response::suspended: return os << "Authenticated User Is Suspended";
-    case twitter::response::bad_token: return os << "Invalid Or Expired Access Token";
-    case twitter::response::duplicate_status: return os << "Duplicate Status";
-    case twitter::response::suspected_spam: return os << "Request Looks Automated";
-    case twitter::response::write_restricted: return os << "Cannot Perform Write";
-    case twitter::response::bad_length: return os << "Message Body Too Long";
-    case twitter::response::unknown_error: return os << "Unknown Error";
-    case twitter::response::invalid_media: return os << "Invalid Media";
+    std::ostringstream msgbuilder;
+    msgbuilder << "Unknown error (HTTP " << response_code << ")";
+    
+    return msgbuilder.str();
   }
-}
+
+};
@@ -1,32 +1,183 @@
 #ifndef CODES_H_05838D39
 #define CODES_H_05838D39
 
-#include <ostream>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <string>
 
 namespace twitter {
   
-  enum class response {
-    ok,
-    curl_error,
-    bad_auth,
-    limited,
-    server_error,
-    server_unavailable,
-    server_overloaded,
-    server_timeout,
-    suspended,
-    bad_token,
-    duplicate_status,
-    suspected_spam,
-    write_restricted,
-    bad_length,
-    unknown_error,
-    invalid_media,
-    invalid_response
+  class twitter_error : public std::runtime_error {
+  public:
+    
+    using std::runtime_error::runtime_error;
+  };
+  
+  class bad_auth : public twitter_error {
+  public:
+    
+    using twitter_error::twitter_error;
+  };
+  
+  class invalid_response : public twitter_error {
+  public:
+    
+    static const char* WHAT_TEXT;
+    
+    explicit invalid_response(std::string response) noexcept
+      : twitter_error(WHAT_TEXT), _response(std::move(response))
+    {
+    }
+    
+    const std::string& getResponse() const noexcept
+    {
+      return _response;
+    }
+    
+  private:
+    
+    std::string _response;
+  };
+  
+  class account_suspended : public twitter_error {
+  public:
+    
+    using twitter_error::twitter_error;
+  };
+  
+  class rate_limit_exceeded : public twitter_error {
+  public:
+    
+    using twitter_error::twitter_error;
+  };
+  
+  class update_limit_exceeded : public twitter_error {
+  public:
+    
+    using twitter_error::twitter_error;
+  };
+  
+  class bad_token : public twitter_error {
+  public:
+    
+    using twitter_error::twitter_error;
+  };
+  
+  class server_overloaded : public twitter_error {
+  public:
+    
+    using twitter_error::twitter_error;
+  };
+  
+  class server_error : public twitter_error {
+  public:
+    
+    using twitter_error::twitter_error;
+  };
+  
+  class bad_length : public twitter_error {
+  public:
+    
+    using twitter_error::twitter_error;
+  };
+  
+  class duplicate_status : public twitter_error {
+  public:
+    
+    using twitter_error::twitter_error;
+  };
+  
+  class suspected_spam : public twitter_error {
+  public:
+    
+    using twitter_error::twitter_error;
+  };
+  
+  class write_restricted : public twitter_error {
+  public:
+    
+    using twitter_error::twitter_error;
+  };
+  
+  class invalid_media : public twitter_error {
+  public:
+    
+    using twitter_error::twitter_error;
+  };
+  
+  class server_unavailable : public twitter_error {
+  public:
+    
+    using twitter_error::twitter_error;
+  };
+  
+  class server_timeout : public twitter_error {
+  public:
+    
+    using twitter_error::twitter_error;
+  };
+  
+  class unknown_error : public twitter_error {
+  public:
+    
+    unknown_error(int response_code, std::string response_data)
+      : twitter_error(generateMessage(response_code)),
+        _response_code(response_code),
+        _response_data(std::move(response_data))
+    {
+    }
+        
+    int getResponseCode() const noexcept
+    {
+      return _response_code;
+    }
+    
+    const std::string& getResponse() const noexcept
+    {
+      return _response_data;
+    }
+    
+  private:
+    
+    static std::string generateMessage(int response_code);
+    
+    int _response_code;
+    std::string _response_data;
+  };
+  
+  class connection_error : public twitter_error {
+  public:
+    
+    static const char* WHAT_TEXT;
+    
+    connection_error() noexcept : twitter_error(WHAT_TEXT)
+    {
+    }
+  };
+  
+  class invalid_member : public std::domain_error {
+  public:
+    
+    using std::domain_error::domain_error;
+  };
+  
+  class malformed_object : public invalid_response {
+  public:
+    
+    malformed_object(std::string type, std::string data) noexcept
+      : invalid_response(std::move(data)), _type(std::move(type))
+    {
+    }
+    
+    const std::string& getType() const noexcept
+    {
+      return _type;
+    }
+    
+  private:
+    
+    std::string _type;
   };
   
 };
 
-std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, twitter::response r);
-
 #endif /* end of include guard: CODES_H_05838D39 */
@@ -1,35 +1,27 @@
 #include "configuration.h"
 #include <json.hpp>
 #include <cassert>
-
-using nlohmann::json;
+#include "codes.h"
 
 namespace twitter {
   
-  configuration::configuration()
+  configuration::configuration(std::string data) try
   {
-    _valid = false;
-  }
-  
-  configuration::configuration(std::string data)
-  {
-    _valid = true;
-    
-    auto _data = json::parse(data);
+    auto json_data = nlohmann::json::parse(data);
     
-    _characters_reserved_per_media = _data.at("characters_reserved_per_media");
-    _dm_text_character_limit = _data.at("dm_text_character_limit");
-    _max_media_per_upload = _data.at("max_media_per_upload");
-    _photo_size_limit = _data.at("photo_size_limit");
-    _short_url_length = _data.at("short_url_length");
-    _short_https_url_length = _data.at("short_url_length_https");
+    _characters_reserved_per_media = json_data["characters_reserved_per_media"].get<size_t>();
+    _dm_text_character_limit = json_data["dm_text_character_limit"].get<size_t>();
+    _max_media_per_upload = json_data["max_media_per_upload"].get<size_t>();
+    _photo_size_limit = json_data["photo_size_limit"].get<size_t>();
+    _short_url_length = json_data["short_url_length"].get<size_t>();
+    _short_https_url_length = json_data["short_url_length_https"].get<size_t>();
     
-    for (json::iterator sizedata = _data.at("photo_sizes").begin(); sizedata != _data.at("photo_sizes").end(); ++sizedata)
+    for (auto sizedata = std::begin(json_data["photo_sizes"]); sizedata != std::end(json_data["photo_sizes"]); ++sizedata)
     {
       photosize size;
-      size.height = sizedata.value().at("h");
-      size.width = sizedata.value().at("w");
-      if (sizedata.value().at("resize") == "fit")
+      size.height = sizedata.value()["h"].get<size_t>();
+      size.width = sizedata.value()["w"].get<size_t>();
+      if (sizedata.value()["resize"].get<std::string>() == "fit")
       {
         size.resize = resizetype::fit;
       } else {
@@ -39,71 +31,16 @@ namespace twitter {
       _photo_sizes[sizedata.key()] = size;
     }
     
-    for (auto path : _data.at("non_username_paths"))
+    for (auto path : json_data["non_username_paths"])
     {
       _non_username_paths.insert(path.get<std::string>());
     }
-  }
-  
-  size_t configuration::getCharactersReservedPerMedia() const
-  {
-    assert(_valid);
-    
-    return _characters_reserved_per_media;
-  }
-  
-  size_t configuration::getDirectMessageCharacterLimit() const
-  {
-    assert(_valid);
-    
-    return _dm_text_character_limit;
-  }
-  
-  size_t configuration::getMaxMediaPerUpload() const
-  {
-    assert(_valid);
-    
-    return _max_media_per_upload;
-  }
-  
-  size_t configuration::getPhotoSizeLimit() const
-  {
-    assert(_valid);
-    
-    return _photo_size_limit;
-  }
-  
-  std::map<std::string, configuration::photosize> configuration::getPhotoSizes() const
-  {
-    assert(_valid);
-    
-    return _photo_sizes;
-  }
-  
-  size_t configuration::getShortUrlLength() const
-  {
-    assert(_valid);
-    
-    return _short_url_length;
-  }
-  
-  size_t configuration::getShortHttpsUrlLength() const
-  {
-    assert(_valid);
-    
-    return _short_https_url_length;
-  }
-  
-  std::set<std::string> configuration::getNonUsernamePaths() const
+  } catch (const std::invalid_argument& error)
   {
-    assert(_valid);
-    
-    return _non_username_paths;
-  }
-  
-  configuration::operator bool() const
+    std::throw_with_nested(malformed_object("configuration", data));
+  } catch (const std::domain_error& error)
   {
-    return _valid;
+    std::throw_with_nested(malformed_object("configuration", data));
   }
-  
+
 };
@@ -8,43 +8,70 @@
 namespace twitter {
   
   class configuration {
-    public:
-      enum class resizetype {
-        fit,
-        crop
-      };
-      
-      struct photosize {
-        size_t height;
-        size_t width;
-        resizetype resize;
-      };
-      
-      configuration();
-      configuration(std::string data);
-      
-      size_t getCharactersReservedPerMedia() const;
-      size_t getDirectMessageCharacterLimit() const;
-      size_t getMaxMediaPerUpload() const;
-      size_t getPhotoSizeLimit() const;
-      std::map<std::string, photosize> getPhotoSizes() const;
-      size_t getShortUrlLength() const;
-      size_t getShortHttpsUrlLength() const;
-      std::set<std::string> getNonUsernamePaths() const;
-      
-      operator bool() const;
-      
-    private:
-      bool _valid = false;
-      
-      size_t _characters_reserved_per_media;
-      size_t _dm_text_character_limit;
-      size_t _max_media_per_upload;
-      size_t _photo_size_limit;
-      std::map<std::string, photosize> _photo_sizes;
-      size_t _short_url_length;
-      size_t _short_https_url_length;
-      std::set<std::string> _non_username_paths;
+  public:
+    enum class resizetype {
+      fit,
+      crop
+    };
+    
+    struct photosize {
+      size_t height;
+      size_t width;
+      resizetype resize;
+    };
+    
+    explicit configuration(std::string data);
+    
+    size_t getCharactersReservedPerMedia() const
+    {
+      return _characters_reserved_per_media;
+    }
+    
+    size_t getDirectMessageCharacterLimit() const
+    {
+      return _dm_text_character_limit;
+    }
+    
+    size_t getMaxMediaPerUpload() const
+    {
+      return _max_media_per_upload;
+    }
+    
+    size_t getPhotoSizeLimit() const
+    {
+      return _photo_size_limit;
+    }
+    
+    const std::map<std::string, photosize>& getPhotoSizes() const
+    {
+      return _photo_sizes;
+    }
+    
+    size_t getShortUrlLength() const
+    {
+      return _short_url_length;
+    }
+    
+    size_t getShortHttpsUrlLength() const
+    {
+      return _short_https_url_length;
+    }
+    
+    const std::set<std::string>& getNonUsernamePaths() const
+    {
+      return _non_username_paths;
+    }
+    
+  private:
+    
+    size_t _characters_reserved_per_media;
+    size_t _dm_text_character_limit;
+    size_t _max_media_per_upload;
+    size_t _photo_size_limit;
+    std::map<std::string, photosize> _photo_sizes;
+    size_t _short_url_length;
+    size_t _short_https_url_length;
+    std::set<std::string> _non_username_paths;
   };
   
 };
@@ -6,8 +6,9 @@
 namespace twitter {
   
   class direct_message {
-    public:
-      direct_message(std::string data);
+  public:
+    
+    explicit direct_message(std::string data);
   };
   
 };
@@ -2,11 +2,6 @@
 
 namespace twitter {
   
-  list::list()
-  {
-    
-  }
-  
   list::list(std::string data)
   {
     
@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@
 namespace twitter {
   
   class list {
-    public:
-      list();
-      list(std::string data);
+  public:
+    
+    explicit list(std::string data);
   };
   
 };
@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@
 #include <cassert>
 #include <new>
 #include <json.hpp>
-
-using nlohmann::json;
+#include "codes.h"
+#include "client.h"
 
 namespace twitter {
   
@@ -12,26 +12,32 @@ namespace twitter {
     return _type;
   }
   
-  notification::notification() : _type(type::invalid)
+  notification::notification(const client& tclient, std::string data)
   {
+    const user& current_user = tclient.getUser();
     
-  }
-  
-  notification::notification(std::string data, const user& current_user)
-  {
-    try {
-      auto _data = json::parse(data);
+    nlohmann::json json;
     
-      if (_data.find("in_reply_to_status_id") != _data.end())
+    try
+    {
+      json = nlohmann::json::parse(data);
+    } catch (const std::invalid_argument& error)
+    {
+      std::throw_with_nested(invalid_response(data));
+    }
+    
+    try
+    {
+      if (!json["in_reply_to_status_id"].is_null())
       {
         _type = type::tweet;
       
-        new(&_tweet) tweet(data);
-      } else if (_data.find("event") != _data.end())
+        new(&_tweet) tweet(tclient, data);
+      } else if (!json["event"].is_null())
       {
-        std::string event = _data.at("event");
-        user source(_data.at("source").dump());
-        user target(_data.at("target").dump());
+        std::string event = json["event"];
+        user source(tclient, json["source"].dump());
+        user target(tclient, json["target"].dump());
       
         if (event == "user_update")
         {
@@ -50,7 +56,7 @@ namespace twitter {
           new(&_user) user(target);
         } else if (event == "favorite")
         {
-          new(&_user_and_tweet._tweet) tweet(_data.at("target_object").dump());
+          new(&_user_and_tweet._tweet) tweet(tclient, json["target_object"].dump());
         
           if (current_user == source)
           {
@@ -64,7 +70,7 @@ namespace twitter {
           }
         } else if (event == "unfavorite")
         {
-          new(&_user_and_tweet._tweet) tweet(_data.at("target_object").dump());
+          new(&_user_and_tweet._tweet) tweet(tclient, json["target_object"].dump());
         
           if (current_user == source)
           {
@@ -97,20 +103,20 @@ namespace twitter {
         {
           _type = type::list_created;
         
-          new(&_list) list(_data.at("target_object").dump());
+          new(&_list) list(json["target_object"].dump());
         } else if (event == "list_destroyed")
         {
           _type = type::list_destroyed;
         
-          new(&_list) list(_data.at("target_object").dump());
+          new(&_list) list(json["target_object"].dump());
         } else if (event == "list_updated")
         {
           _type = type::list_updated;
         
-          new(&_list) list(_data.at("target_object").dump());
+          new(&_list) list(json["target_object"].dump());
         } else if (event == "list_member_added")
         {
-          new(&_user_and_list._list) list(_data.at("target_object").dump());
+          new(&_user_and_list._list) list(json["target_object"].dump());
         
           if (current_user == source)
           {
@@ -124,7 +130,7 @@ namespace twitter {
           }
         } else if (event == "list_member_removed")
         {
-          new(&_user_and_list._list) list(_data.at("target_object").dump());
+          new(&_user_and_list._list) list(json["target_object"].dump());
         
           if (current_user == source)
           {
@@ -138,7 +144,7 @@ namespace twitter {
           }
         } else if (event == "list_member_subscribe")
         {
-          new(&_user_and_list._list) list(_data.at("target_object").dump());
+          new(&_user_and_list._list) list(json["target_object"].dump());
         
           if (current_user == source)
           {
@@ -152,7 +158,7 @@ namespace twitter {
           }
         } else if (event == "list_member_unsubscribe")
         {
-          new(&_user_and_list._list) list(_data.at("target_object").dump());
+          new(&_user_and_list._list) list(json["target_object"].dump());
         
           if (current_user == source)
           {
@@ -169,66 +175,67 @@ namespace twitter {
           _type = type::quoted;
         
           new(&_user_and_tweet._user) user(source);
-          new(&_user_and_tweet._tweet) tweet(_data.at("target_object").dump());
+          new(&_user_and_tweet._tweet) tweet(tclient, json["target_object"].dump());
         }
-      } else if (_data.find("warning") != _data.end())
+      } else if (!json["warning"].is_null())
       {
-        new(&_warning) std::string(_data.at("warning").at("message").get<std::string>());
+        new(&_warning) std::string(json["warning"]["message"].get<std::string>());
       
-        if (_data.at("warning").at("code") == "FALLING_BEHIND")
+        auto warning_code = json["warning"]["code"].get<std::string>();
+        if (warning_code == "FALLING_BEHIND")
         {
           _type = type::stall;
-        } else if (_data.at("warning").at("code") == "FOLLOWS_OVER_LIMIT")
+        } else if (warning_code == "FOLLOWS_OVER_LIMIT")
         {
           _type = type::follow_limit;
         } else {
           _type = type::unknown_warning;
         }
-      } else if (_data.find("delete") != _data.end())
+      } else if (!json["delete"].is_null())
       {
         _type = type::deletion;
       
-        _user_id_and_tweet_id._tweet_id = _data.at("delete").at("status").at("id");
-        _user_id_and_tweet_id._user_id = _data.at("delete").at("status").at("user_id");
-      } else if (_data.find("scrub_geo") != _data.end())
+        _user_id_and_tweet_id._tweet_id = json["delete"]["status"]["id"].get<tweet_id>();
+        _user_id_and_tweet_id._user_id = json["delete"]["status"]["user_id"].get<user_id>();
+      } else if (!json["scrub_geo"].is_null())
       {
         _type = type::scrub_location;
       
-        _user_id_and_tweet_id._tweet_id = _data.at("scrub_geo").at("up_to_status_id");
-        _user_id_and_tweet_id._user_id = _data.at("scrub_geo").at("user_id");
-      } else if (_data.find("limit") != _data.end())
+        _user_id_and_tweet_id._tweet_id = json["scrub_geo"]["up_to_status_id"].get<tweet_id>();
+        _user_id_and_tweet_id._user_id = json["scrub_geo"]["user_id"].get<user_id>();
+      } else if (!json["limit"].is_null())
       {
         _type = type::limit;
       
-        _limit = _data.at("limit").at("track");
-      } else if (_data.find("status_withheld") != _data.end())
+        _limit = json["limit"]["track"].get<int>();
+      } else if (!json["status_withheld"].is_null())
       {
         _type = type::withhold_status;
       
-        _withhold_status._user_id = _data.at("status_withheld").at("user_id");
-        _withhold_status._tweet_id = _data.at("status_withheld").at("id");
+        _withhold_status._user_id = json["status_withheld"]["user_id"].get<user_id>();
+        _withhold_status._tweet_id = json["status_withheld"]["id"].get<tweet_id>();
       
         new(&_withhold_status._countries) std::vector<std::string>();
-        for (auto s : _data.at("status_withheld").at("withheld_in_countries"))
+        for (auto s : json["status_withheld"]["withheld_in_countries"])
         {
           _withhold_status._countries.push_back(s);
         }
-      } else if (_data.find("user_withheld") != _data.end())
+      } else if (!json["user_withheld"].is_null())
       {
         _type = type::withhold_user;
       
-        _withhold_user._user_id = _data.at("user_withheld").at("id");
+        _withhold_user._user_id = json["user_withheld"]["id"].get<user_id>();
       
         new(&_withhold_user._countries) std::vector<std::string>();
-        for (auto s : _data.at("user_withheld").at("withheld_in_countries"))
+        for (auto s : json["user_withheld"]["withheld_in_countries"])
         {
           _withhold_user._countries.push_back(s);
         }
-      } else if (_data.find("disconnect") != _data.end())
+      } else if (!json["disconnect"].is_null())
       {
         _type = type::disconnect;
       
-        switch (_data.at("disconnect").at("code").get<int>())
+        switch (json["disconnect"]["code"].get<int>())
         {
           case 1: _disconnect = disconnect_code::shutdown; break;
           case 2: _disconnect = disconnect_code::duplicate; break;
@@ -242,26 +249,26 @@ namespace twitter {
           case 12: _disconnect = disconnect_code::load; break;
           default: _disconnect = disconnect_code::unknown;
         }
-      } else if (_data.find("friends") != _data.end())
+      } else if (!json["friends"].is_null())
       {
         _type = type::friends;
       
-        new(&_friends) std::set<user_id>(_data.at("friends").begin(), _data.at("friends").end());
-      } else if (_data.find("direct_message") != _data.end())
+        new(&_friends) std::set<user_id>(std::begin(json["friends"]), std::end(json["friends"]));
+      } else if (!json["direct_message"].is_null())
       {
         _type = type::direct;
       
-        new(&_direct_message) direct_message(_data.at("direct_message").dump());
+        new(&_direct_message) direct_message(json["direct_message"].dump());
       } else {
         _type = type::unknown;
       }
-    } catch (std::invalid_argument e)
+    } catch (const std::domain_error& error)
     {
-      _type = type::invalid;
+      std::throw_with_nested(invalid_response(data));
     }
   }
   
-  notification::notification(const notification& other)
+  notification::notification(notification&& other)
   {
     _type = other._type;
     
@@ -269,11 +276,11 @@ namespace twitter {
     {
       case type::tweet:
       {
-        new(&_tweet) tweet(other._tweet);
-        
+        new(&_tweet) tweet(std::move(other._tweet));
+      
         break;
       }
-      
+    
       case type::update_user:
       case type::block:
       case type::unblock:
@@ -281,32 +288,32 @@ namespace twitter {
       case type::followed:
       case type::unfollow:
       {
-        new(&_user) user(other._user);
-        
+        new(&_user) user(std::move(other._user));
+      
         break;
       }
-      
+    
       case type::favorite:
       case type::favorited:
       case type::unfavorite:
       case type::unfavorited:
       case type::quoted:
       {
-        new(&_user_and_tweet._user) user(other._user_and_tweet._user);
-        new(&_user_and_tweet._tweet) tweet(other._user_and_tweet._tweet);
-        
+        new(&_user_and_tweet._user) user(std::move(other._user_and_tweet._user));
+        new(&_user_and_tweet._tweet) tweet(std::move(other._user_and_tweet._tweet));
+      
         break;
       }
-      
+    
       case type::list_created:
       case type::list_destroyed:
       case type::list_updated:
       {
-        new(&_list) list(other._list);
-        
+        new(&_list) list(std::move(other._list));
+      
         break;
       }
-      
+    
       case type::list_add:
       case type::list_added:
       case type::list_remove:
@@ -316,78 +323,84 @@ namespace twitter {
       case type::list_unsubscribe:
       case type::list_unsubscribed:
       {
-        new(&_user_and_list._user) user(other._user_and_list._user);
-        new(&_user_and_list._list) list(other._user_and_list._list);
-        
+        new(&_user_and_list._user) user(std::move(other._user_and_list._user));
+        new(&_user_and_list._list) list(std::move(other._user_and_list._list));
+      
         break;
       }
-      
+    
       case type::stall:
       case type::follow_limit:
       case type::unknown_warning:
       {
-        new(&_warning) std::string(other._warning);
-        
+        new(&_warning) std::string(std::move(other._warning));
+      
         break;
       }
-      
+    
       case type::deletion:
       case type::scrub_location:
       {
         _user_id_and_tweet_id._user_id = other._user_id_and_tweet_id._user_id;
         _user_id_and_tweet_id._tweet_id = other._user_id_and_tweet_id._tweet_id;
-        
+      
         break;
       }
-      
+    
       case type::limit:
       {
         _limit = other._limit;
-        
+      
         break;
       }
-      
+    
       case type::withhold_status:
       {
         _withhold_status._user_id = other._withhold_status._user_id;
         _withhold_status._tweet_id = other._withhold_status._tweet_id;
-        new(&_withhold_status._countries) std::vector<std::string>(other._withhold_status._countries);
-        
+        new(&_withhold_status._countries) std::vector<std::string>(std::move(other._withhold_status._countries));
+      
         break;
       }
-      
+    
       case type::withhold_user:
       {
         _withhold_user._user_id = other._withhold_user._user_id;
-        new(&_withhold_user._countries) std::vector<std::string>(other._withhold_user._countries);
-        
+        new(&_withhold_user._countries) std::vector<std::string>(std::move(other._withhold_user._countries));
+      
         break;
       }
-      
+    
       case type::disconnect:
       {
         _disconnect = other._disconnect;
-        
+      
         break;
       }
-      
+    
       case type::friends:
       {
-        new(&_friends) std::set<user_id>(other._friends);
-        
+        new(&_friends) std::set<user_id>(std::move(other._friends));
+      
         break;
       }
-      
+    
       case type::direct:
       {
-        new(&_direct_message) direct_message(other._direct_message);
-        
+        new(&_direct_message) direct_message(std::move(other._direct_message));
+      
+        break;
+      }
+      
+      case type::unknown:
+      case type::invalid:
+      {
         break;
       }
     }
   }
   
-  notification& notification::operator=(const notification& other)
+  notification& notification::operator=(notification&& other)
   {
     this->~notification();
     
@@ -397,7 +410,7 @@ namespace twitter {
     {
       case type::tweet:
       {
-        new(&_tweet) tweet(other._tweet);
+        new(&_tweet) tweet(std::move(other._tweet));
         
         break;
       }
@@ -409,7 +422,7 @@ namespace twitter {
       case type::followed:
       case type::unfollow:
       {
-        new(&_user) user(other._user);
+        new(&_user) user(std::move(other._user));
         
         break;
       }
@@ -420,8 +433,8 @@ namespace twitter {
       case type::unfavorited:
       case type::quoted:
       {
-        new(&_user_and_tweet._user) user(other._user_and_tweet._user);
-        new(&_user_and_tweet._tweet) tweet(other._user_and_tweet._tweet);
+        new(&_user_and_tweet._user) user(std::move(other._user_and_tweet._user));
+        new(&_user_and_tweet._tweet) tweet(std::move(other._user_and_tweet._tweet));
         
         break;
       }
@@ -430,7 +443,7 @@ namespace twitter {
       case type::list_destroyed:
       case type::list_updated:
       {
-        new(&_list) list(other._list);
+        new(&_list) list(std::move(other._list));
         
         break;
       }
@@ -444,8 +457,8 @@ namespace twitter {
       case type::list_unsubscribe:
       case type::list_unsubscribed:
       {
-        new(&_user_and_list._user) user(other._user_and_list._user);
-        new(&_user_and_list._list) list(other._user_and_list._list);
+        new(&_user_and_list._user) user(std::move(other._user_and_list._user));
+        new(&_user_and_list._list) list(std::move(other._user_and_list._list));
         
         break;
       }
@@ -454,7 +467,7 @@ namespace twitter {
       case type::follow_limit:
       case type::unknown_warning:
       {
-        new(&_warning) std::string(other._warning);
+        new(&_warning) std::string(std::move(other._warning));
         
         break;
       }
@@ -479,7 +492,7 @@ namespace twitter {
       {
         _withhold_status._user_id = other._withhold_status._user_id;
         _withhold_status._tweet_id = other._withhold_status._tweet_id;
-        new(&_withhold_status._countries) std::vector<std::string>(other._withhold_status._countries);
+        new(&_withhold_status._countries) std::vector<std::string>(std::move(other._withhold_status._countries));
         
         break;
       }
@@ -487,7 +500,7 @@ namespace twitter {
       case type::withhold_user:
       {
         _withhold_user._user_id = other._withhold_user._user_id;
-        new(&_withhold_user._countries) std::vector<std::string>(other._withhold_user._countries);
+        new(&_withhold_user._countries) std::vector<std::string>(std::move(other._withhold_user._countries));
         
         break;
       }
@@ -501,17 +514,23 @@ namespace twitter {
       
       case type::friends:
       {
-        new(&_friends) std::set<user_id>(other._friends);
+        new(&_friends) std::set<user_id>(std::move(other._friends));
         
         break;
       }
       
       case type::direct:
       {
-        new(&_direct_message) direct_message(other._direct_message);
+        new(&_direct_message) direct_message(std::move(other._direct_message));
         
         break;
       }
+      
+      case type::invalid:
+      case type::unknown:
+      {
+        break;
+      }
     }
     
     return *this;
@@ -578,6 +597,7 @@ namespace twitter {
       
       case type::stall:
       case type::follow_limit:
+      case type::unknown_warning:
       {
         using string_type = std::string;
         _warning.~string_type();
@@ -615,10 +635,20 @@ namespace twitter {
         
         break;
       }
+      
+      case type::deletion:
+      case type::scrub_location:
+      case type::limit:
+      case type::disconnect:
+      case type::unknown:
+      case type::invalid:
+      {
+        break;
+      }
     }
   }
   
-  tweet notification::getTweet() const
+  const tweet& notification::getTweet() const
   {
     switch (_type)
     {
@@ -639,13 +669,11 @@ namespace twitter {
       default:
       {
         assert(false);
-        
-        return tweet();
       }
     }
   }
   
-  user notification::getUser() const
+  const user& notification::getUser() const
   {
     switch (_type)
     {
@@ -683,13 +711,11 @@ namespace twitter {
       default:
       {
         assert(false);
-        
-        return user();
       }
     }
   }
   
-  list notification::getList() const
+  const list& notification::getList() const
   {
     switch (_type)
     {      
@@ -715,8 +741,6 @@ namespace twitter {
       default:
       {
         assert(false);
-        
-        return list();
       }
     }
   }
@@ -739,8 +763,6 @@ namespace twitter {
       default:
       {
         assert(false);
-        
-        return 0;
       }
     }
   }
@@ -768,13 +790,11 @@ namespace twitter {
       default:
       {
         assert(false);
-        
-        return 0;
       }
     }
   }
   
-  std::vector<std::string> notification::getCountries() const
+  const std::vector<std::string>& notification::getCountries() const
   {
     switch (_type)
     { 
@@ -791,8 +811,6 @@ namespace twitter {
       default:
       {
         assert(false);
-        
-        return std::vector<std::string>();
       }
     }
   }
@@ -804,14 +822,14 @@ namespace twitter {
     return _disconnect;
   }
   
-  std::set<user_id> notification::getFriends() const
+  const std::set<user_id>& notification::getFriends() const
   {
     assert(_type == type::friends);
     
     return _friends;
   }
   
-  direct_message notification::getDirectMessage() const
+  const direct_message& notification::getDirectMessage() const
   {
     assert(_type == type::direct);
     
@@ -825,7 +843,7 @@ namespace twitter {
     return _limit;
   }
   
-  std::string notification::getWarning() const
+  const std::string& notification::getWarning() const
   {
     switch (_type)
     {
@@ -839,15 +857,8 @@ namespace twitter {
       default:
       {
         assert(false);
-        
-        return "";
       }
     }
   }
   
-  notification::operator bool() const
-  {
-    return _type != type::invalid;
-  }
-  
 };
@@ -11,7 +11,10 @@
 
 namespace twitter {
   
-  enum class disconnect_code {
+  class client;
+  
+  enum class disconnect_code
+  {
     shutdown,
     duplicate,
     stall,
@@ -26,118 +29,118 @@ namespace twitter {
   };
   
   class notification {
-    public:
-      enum class type {
-        // Tweet object
-        tweet,
-        
-        // User object
-        update_user,
-        block,
-        unblock,
-        follow,
-        followed,
-        unfollow,
-        
-        // User and tweet
-        favorite,
-        favorited,
-        unfavorite,
-        unfavorited,
-        quoted,
-        
-        // List
-        list_created,
-        list_destroyed,
-        list_updated,
-        
-        // User and list
-        list_add,
-        list_added,
-        list_remove,
-        list_removed,
-        list_subscribe,
-        list_subscribed,
-        list_unsubscribe,
-        list_unsubscribed,
-        
-        // Warning
-        stall,
-        follow_limit,
-        unknown_warning,
-        
-        // User ID and tweet ID
-        deletion,
-        scrub_location,
-        
-        // Special
-        limit,
-        withhold_status,
-        withhold_user,
-        disconnect,
-        friends,
-        direct,
-        
-        // Nothing
-        unknown,
-        invalid
-      };
+  public:
+    enum class type {
+      // Tweet object
+      tweet,
+      
+      // User object
+      update_user,
+      block,
+      unblock,
+      follow,
+      followed,
+      unfollow,
+      
+      // User and tweet
+      favorite,
+      favorited,
+      unfavorite,
+      unfavorited,
+      quoted,
       
-      type getType() const;
+      // List
+      list_created,
+      list_destroyed,
+      list_updated,
       
-      notification();
-      notification(std::string data, const user& current_user);
-      notification(const notification& other);
-      notification& operator=(const notification& other);
-      ~notification();
+      // User and list
+      list_add,
+      list_added,
+      list_remove,
+      list_removed,
+      list_subscribe,
+      list_subscribed,
+      list_unsubscribe,
+      list_unsubscribed,
       
-      tweet getTweet() const;
-      user getUser() const;
-      list getList() const;
-      tweet_id getTweetID() const;
-      user_id getUserID() const;
-      std::vector<std::string> getCountries() const;
-      disconnect_code getDisconnectCode() const;
-      std::set<user_id> getFriends() const;
-      direct_message getDirectMessage() const;
-      int getLimit() const;
-      std::string getWarning() const;
+      // Warning
+      stall,
+      follow_limit,
+      unknown_warning,
       
-      operator bool() const;
+      // User ID and tweet ID
+      deletion,
+      scrub_location,
       
-    private:
-      union {
+      // Special
+      limit,
+      withhold_status,
+      withhold_user,
+      disconnect,
+      friends,
+      direct,
+      
+      // Nothing
+      unknown,
+      invalid
+    };
+    
+    type getType() const;
+    
+    notification(const client& tclient, std::string data);
+    notification(notification&& other);
+    notification& operator=(notification&& other);
+    ~notification();
+    
+    notification(const notification& other) = delete;
+    notification& operator=(const notification& other) = delete;
+    
+    const tweet& getTweet() const;
+    const user& getUser() const;
+    const list& getList() const;
+    tweet_id getTweetID() const;
+    user_id getUserID() const;
+    const std::vector<std::string>& getCountries() const;
+    disconnect_code getDisconnectCode() const;
+    const std::set<user_id>& getFriends() const;
+    const direct_message& getDirectMessage() const;
+    int getLimit() const;
+    const std::string& getWarning() const;
+    
+  private:
+    union {
+      tweet _tweet;
+      user _user;
+      list _list;
+      struct {
+        user _user;
         tweet _tweet;
+      } _user_and_tweet;
+      struct {
         user _user;
         list _list;
-        struct {
-          user _user;
-          tweet _tweet;
-        } _user_and_tweet;
-        struct {
-          user _user;
-          list _list;
-        } _user_and_list;
-        std::string _warning;
-        struct {
-          user_id _user_id;
-          tweet_id _tweet_id;
-        } _user_id_and_tweet_id;
-        int _limit;
-        struct {
-          user_id _user_id;
-          tweet_id _tweet_id;
-          std::vector<std::string> _countries;
-        } _withhold_status;
-        struct {
-          user_id _user_id;
-          std::vector<std::string> _countries;
-        } _withhold_user;
-        disconnect_code _disconnect;
-        std::set<user_id> _friends;
-        direct_message _direct_message;
-      };
-      type _type;
+      } _user_and_list;
+      std::string _warning;
+      struct {
+        user_id _user_id;
+        tweet_id _tweet_id;
+      } _user_id_and_tweet_id;
+      int _limit;
+      struct {
+        user_id _user_id;
+        tweet_id _tweet_id;
+        std::vector<std::string> _countries;
+      } _withhold_status;
+      struct {
+        user_id _user_id;
+        std::vector<std::string> _countries;
+      } _withhold_user;
+      disconnect_code _disconnect;
+      std::set<user_id> _friends;
+      direct_message _direct_message;
+    };
+    type _type;
   };
   
 };
@@ -0,0 +1,291 @@
+#include "stream.h"
+#include <liboauthcpp/liboauthcpp.h>
+#include <curl_easy.h>
+#include <curl_header.h>
+#include "util.h"
+#include "notification.h"
+#include "client.h"
+
+namespace twitter {
+
+  stream::stream(
+    const client& tclient,
+    notify_callback callback,
+    bool with_followings,
+    bool receive_all_replies,
+    std::list<std::string> track,
+    std::list<bounding_box> locations) :
+      _client(tclient),
+      _notify(callback),
+      _thread(&stream::run, this, generateUrl(with_followings, receive_all_replies, track, locations))
+  {
+  }
+  
+  stream::~stream()
+  {
+    if (_thread.joinable())
+    {
+      _stop = true;
+      _thread.join();
+    }
+  }
+  
+  std::string stream::generateUrl(
+    bool with_followings,
+    bool receive_all_replies,
+    std::list<std::string> track,
+    std::list<bounding_box> locations)
+  {
+    std::list<std::string> arguments;
+    
+    if (receive_all_replies)
+    {
+      arguments.push_back("replies=all");
+    }
+    
+    if (!with_followings)
+    {
+      arguments.push_back("with=user");
+    }
+    
+    if (!track.empty())
+    {
+      std::ostringstream trackstr;
+      trackstr << "track=";
+      
+      for (auto it = std::begin(track); it != std::end(track); it++)
+      {
+        if (it != std::begin(track))
+        {
+          trackstr << ",";
+        }
+        
+        trackstr << OAuth::HttpEncodeQueryValue(*it);
+      }
+      
+      arguments.push_back(trackstr.str());
+    }
+    
+    if (!locations.empty())
+    {
+      std::ostringstream localstr;
+      localstr << "locations=";
+      
+      for (auto it = std::begin(locations); it != std::end(locations); it++)
+      {
+        if (it != std::begin(locations))
+        {
+          localstr << ",";
+        }
+        
+        localstr << (double)it->getSouthWestLongitude() << ",";
+        localstr << (double)it->getSouthWestLatitude() << ",";
+        localstr << (double)it->getNorthEastLongitude() << ",";
+        localstr << (double)it->getNorthEastLatitude();
+      }
+      
+      arguments.push_back(localstr.str());
+    }
+    
+    std::ostringstream urlstr;
+    urlstr << "https://userstream.twitter.com/1.1/user.json";
+    
+    if (!arguments.empty())
+    {
+      urlstr << "?";
+      urlstr << implode(std::begin(arguments), std::end(arguments), "&");
+    }
+    
+    return urlstr.str();
+  }
+  
+  void stream::run(std::string url)
+  {
+    curl::curl_ios<stream> ios(this, [] (void* contents, size_t size, size_t nmemb, void* userp) {
+      return static_cast<stream*>(userp)->write(static_cast<char*>(contents), size, nmemb);
+    });
+    
+    curl::curl_easy conn(ios);
+    curl::curl_header headers;
+    std::string oauth_header;
+    
+    try
+    {
+      oauth_header = _client._oauth_client->getFormattedHttpHeader(OAuth::Http::Get, url, "");
+      
+      if (!oauth_header.empty())
+      {
+        headers.add(oauth_header);
+      }
+    } catch (const OAuth::ParseError& error)
+    {
+      std::cout << "Error generating OAuth header:" << std::endl;
+      std::cout << error.what() << std::endl;
+      std::cout << "This is likely due to a malformed URL." << std::endl;
+  
+      assert(false);
+    }
+    
+    try
+    {
+      conn.add<CURLOPT_HEADERFUNCTION>(nullptr);
+      conn.add<CURLOPT_HEADERDATA>(nullptr);
+      conn.add<CURLOPT_XFERINFOFUNCTION>([] (void* cdata, curl_off_t, curl_off_t, curl_off_t, curl_off_t) {
+        return static_cast<stream*>(cdata)->progress();
+      });
+      conn.add<CURLOPT_XFERINFODATA>(this);
+      conn.add<CURLOPT_NOPROGRESS>(0);
+      //conn.add<CURLOPT_VERBOSE>(1);
+      //conn.add<CURLOPT_DEBUGFUNCTION>(my_trace);
+      conn.add<CURLOPT_URL>(url.c_str());
+      conn.add<CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER>(headers.get());
+    } catch (const curl::curl_exception& error)
+    {
+      error.print_traceback();
+      
+      assert(false);
+    }
+    
+    _backoff_type = backoff::none;
+    _backoff_amount = std::chrono::milliseconds(0);
+    for (;;)
+    {
+      bool failure = false;
+      try
+      {
+        conn.perform();
+      } catch (const curl::curl_easy_exception& error)
+      {
+        failure = true;
+        if ((error.get_code() == CURLE_ABORTED_BY_CALLBACK) && _stop)
+        {
+          break;
+        } else {
+          if (_backoff_type == backoff::none)
+          {
+            _established = false;
+            _backoff_type = backoff::network;
+            _backoff_amount = std::chrono::milliseconds(0);
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      
+      if (!failure)
+      {
+        long response_code = conn.get_info<CURLINFO_RESPONSE_CODE>().get();
+        if (response_code == 420)
+        {
+          if (_backoff_type == backoff::none)
+          {
+            _established = false;
+            _backoff_type = backoff::rate_limit;
+            _backoff_amount = std::chrono::minutes(1);
+          }
+        } else if (response_code != 200)
+        {
+          if (_backoff_type == backoff::none)
+          {
+            _established = false;
+            _backoff_type = backoff::http;
+            _backoff_amount = std::chrono::seconds(5);
+          }
+        } else {
+          if (_backoff_type == backoff::none)
+          {
+            _established = false;
+            _backoff_type = backoff::network;
+            _backoff_amount = std::chrono::milliseconds(0);
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      
+      std::this_thread::sleep_for(_backoff_amount);
+
+      switch (_backoff_type)
+      {
+        case backoff::network:
+        {
+          if (_backoff_amount < std::chrono::seconds(16))
+          {
+            _backoff_amount += std::chrono::milliseconds(250);
+          }
+        
+          break;
+        }
+      
+        case backoff::http:
+        {
+          if (_backoff_amount < std::chrono::seconds(320))
+          {
+            _backoff_amount *= 2;
+          }
+        
+          break;
+        }
+      
+        case backoff::rate_limit:
+        {
+          _backoff_amount *= 2;
+        
+          break;
+        }
+        
+        case backoff::none:
+        { 
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  
+  size_t stream::write(char* ptr, size_t size, size_t nmemb)
+  {
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < size*nmemb; i++)
+    {
+      if (ptr[i] == '\r')
+      {
+        i++; // Skip the \n
+        
+        if (!_buffer.empty())
+        {
+          notification n(_client, _buffer);
+          if (n.getType() == notification::type::friends)
+          {
+            _established = true;
+            _backoff_type = backoff::none;
+            _backoff_amount = std::chrono::milliseconds(0);
+          }
+          
+          _notify(n);
+                    
+          _buffer = "";
+        }
+      } else {
+        _buffer.push_back(ptr[i]);
+      }
+    }
+    
+    time(&_last_write);
+    
+    return size*nmemb;
+  }
+  
+  int stream::progress()
+  {
+    if (_stop)
+    {
+      return 1;
+    }
+    
+    if (_established)
+    {
+      if (difftime(time(NULL), _last_write) >= 90)
+      {
+        return 1;
+      }
+    }
+    
+    return 0;
+  }
+  
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+#ifndef STREAM_H_E9146952
+#define STREAM_H_E9146952
+
+#include <functional>
+#include <list>
+#include <string>
+#include <chrono>
+#include <thread>
+#include "bounding_box.h"
+
+namespace twitter {
+  
+  class client;
+  class notification;
+  
+  class stream {
+  public:
+    
+    typedef std::function<void(const notification& _notification)> notify_callback;
+    
+    stream(
+      const client& tclient,
+      notify_callback callback,
+      bool with_followings = true,
+      bool receive_all_replies = false,
+      std::list<std::string> track = {},
+      std::list<bounding_box> locations = {});
+      
+    ~stream();
+    
+    stream(const stream& other) = delete;
+    stream(stream&& other) = delete;
+    stream& operator=(const stream& other) = delete;
+    stream& operator=(stream&& other) = delete;
+    
+  private:
+    enum class backoff {
+      none,
+      network,
+      http,
+      rate_limit
+    };
+    
+    static std::string generateUrl(
+      bool with_followings,
+      bool receive_all_replies,
+      std::list<std::string> track,
+      std::list<bounding_box> locations);
+    
+    void run(std::string url);
+    int progress();
+    size_t write(char* ptr, size_t size, size_t nmemb);
+    
+    const client& _client;
+    notify_callback _notify;
+    bool _stop = false;
+    std::string _buffer;
+    time_t _last_write;
+    bool _established = false;
+    backoff _backoff_type = backoff::none;
+    std::chrono::milliseconds _backoff_amount;
+    std::thread _thread;
+  };
+  
+}
+
+#endif /* end of include guard: STREAM_H_E9146952 */
@@ -1,134 +1,69 @@
 #include "tweet.h"
 #include <json.hpp>
-#include <cassert>
-
-using nlohmann::json;
+#include "util.h"
+#include "codes.h"
+#include "client.h"
 
 namespace twitter {
   
-  tweet::tweet() : _valid(false)
-  {
-    
-  }
-  
-  tweet::tweet(std::string data) : _valid(true)
+  tweet::tweet(const client& tclient, std::string data) try
+    : _client(tclient)
   {
-    auto _data = json::parse(data);
-    _id = _data.at("id");
-    _text = _data.at("text");
-    _author = user(_data.at("user").dump());
+    auto json = nlohmann::json::parse(data);
+    _id = json["id"].get<tweet_id>();
+    _text = json["text"].get<std::string>();
+    _author = make_unique<user>(_client, json["user"].dump());
     
-    if (_data.find("retweeted_status") != _data.end())
+    if (!json["retweeted_status"].is_null())
     {
       _is_retweet = true;
       
-      std::string retweet = _data.at("retweeted_status").dump();
-      _retweeted_status = new tweet(retweet);
+      _retweeted_status = make_unique<tweet>(_client, json["retweeted_status"].dump());
     }
     
-    if (_data.find("entities") != _data.end())
+    if (!json["entities"].is_null())
     {
-      auto _entities = _data.at("entities");
-      if (_entities.find("user_mentions") != _entities.end())
+      auto entities = json["entities"];
+      if (!entities["user_mentions"].is_null())
       {
-        for (auto _mention : _entities.at("user_mentions"))
+        for (auto mention : entities["user_mentions"])
         {
-          _mentions.push_back(std::make_pair(_mention.at("id"), _mention.at("screen_name").get<std::string>()));
+          _mentions.push_back(std::make_pair(mention["id"].get<user_id>(), mention["screen_name"].get<std::string>()));
         }
       }
     }
-  }
-  
-  tweet::tweet(const tweet& other)
+  } catch (const std::invalid_argument& error)
   {
-    _valid = other._valid;
-    _id = other._id;
-    _text = other._text;
-    _author = other._author;
-    _is_retweet = other._is_retweet;
-    
-    if (_is_retweet)
-    {
-      _retweeted_status = new tweet(*other._retweeted_status);
-    }
-    
-    _mentions = other._mentions;
-  }
-  
-  tweet::tweet(tweet&& other) : tweet()
+    std::throw_with_nested(malformed_object("tweet", data));
+  } catch (const std::domain_error& error)
   {
-    swap(*this, other);
+    std::throw_with_nested(malformed_object("tweet", data));
   }
   
-  tweet::~tweet()
+  std::string tweet::generateReplyPrefill() const
   {
-    if (_is_retweet)
+    std::ostringstream output;
+    output << "@" << _author->getScreenName() << " ";
+    
+    for (auto mention : _mentions)
     {
-      delete _retweeted_status;
+      if ((mention.first != _author->getID()) && (mention.first != _client.getUser().getID()))
+      {
+        output << "@" << mention.second << " ";
+      }
     }
-  }
-  
-  tweet& tweet::operator=(tweet other)
-  {
-    swap(*this, other);
-    
-    return *this;
-  }
-
-  void swap(tweet& first, tweet& second)
-  {
-    std::swap(first._valid, second._valid);
-    std::swap(first._id, second._id);
-    std::swap(first._text, second._text);
-    std::swap(first._author, second._author);
-    std::swap(first._is_retweet, second._is_retweet);
-    std::swap(first._retweeted_status, second._retweeted_status);
-    std::swap(first._mentions, second._mentions);
-  }
-  
-  tweet_id tweet::getID() const
-  {
-    assert(_valid);
-    
-    return _id;
-  }
-  
-  std::string tweet::getText() const
-  {
-    assert(_valid);
-    
-    return _text;
-  }
-  
-  const user& tweet::getAuthor() const
-  {
-    assert(_valid);
-    
-    return _author;
-  }
-  
-  bool tweet::isRetweet() const
-  {
-    assert(_valid);
-    
-    return _is_retweet;
-  }
-  
-  tweet tweet::getRetweet() const
-  {
-    assert(_valid && _is_retweet);
     
-    return *_retweeted_status;
+    return output.str();
   }
   
-  std::vector<std::pair<user_id, std::string>> tweet::getMentions() const
+  tweet tweet::reply(std::string message, std::list<long> media_ids) const
   {
-    return _mentions;
+    return _client.replyToTweet(message, _id, media_ids);
   }
   
-  tweet::operator bool() const
+  bool tweet::isMyTweet() const
   {
-    return _valid;
+    return *_author == _client.getUser();
   }
   
 };
@@ -2,41 +2,75 @@
 #define TWEET_H_CE980721
 
 #include <string>
-#include "user.h"
 #include <vector>
 #include <utility>
+#include <cassert>
+#include <list>
+#include "user.h"
 
 namespace twitter {
   
+  class client;
+  
   typedef unsigned long long tweet_id;
   
   class tweet {
     public:
-      tweet();
-      tweet(std::string data);
-      tweet(const tweet& other);
-      tweet(tweet&& other);
-      ~tweet();
       
-      tweet& operator=(tweet other);
-      friend void swap(tweet& first, tweet& second);
+      tweet(const client& tclient, std::string data);
+      
+      tweet(const tweet& other) = delete;
+      tweet& operator=(const tweet& other) = delete;
+      
+      tweet(tweet&& other) = default;
+      tweet& operator=(tweet&& other) = default;
+      
+      tweet_id getID() const
+      {
+        return _id;
+      }
+      
+      std::string getText() const
+      {
+        return _text;
+      }
       
-      tweet_id getID() const;
-      std::string getText() const;
-      const user& getAuthor() const;
-      bool isRetweet() const;
-      tweet getRetweet() const;
-      std::vector<std::pair<user_id, std::string>> getMentions() const;
+      const user& getAuthor() const
+      {
+        return *_author;
+      }
       
-      operator bool() const;
+      bool isRetweet() const
+      {
+        return _is_retweet;
+      }
+      
+      const tweet& getRetweet() const
+      {
+        assert(_is_retweet);
+        
+        return *_retweeted_status;
+      }
+      
+      const std::vector<std::pair<user_id, std::string>>& getMentions() const
+      {
+        return _mentions;
+      }
+      
+      std::string generateReplyPrefill() const;
+      
+      tweet reply(std::string message, std::list<long> media_ids = {}) const;
+      
+      bool isMyTweet() const;
       
     private:
-      bool _valid;
+      
+      const client& _client;
       tweet_id _id;
       std::string _text;
-      user _author;
+      std::unique_ptr<user> _author;
       bool _is_retweet = false;
-      tweet* _retweeted_status = nullptr;
+      std::unique_ptr<tweet> _retweeted_status;
       std::vector<std::pair<user_id, std::string>> _mentions;
   };
   
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ namespace twitter {
 #include "util.h"
 #include "auth.h"
 #include "client.h"
+#include "stream.h"
 #include "tweet.h"
 #include "user.h"
 #include "notification.h"
@@ -1,51 +1,43 @@
 #include "user.h"
 #include <json.hpp>
-
-using nlohmann::json;
+#include "codes.h"
+#include "client.h"
 
 namespace twitter {
   
-  user::user() : _valid(false)
-  {
-    
-  }
-  
-  user::user(std::string data) : _valid(true)
+  user::user(const client& tclient, std::string data) try
+    : _client(tclient)
   {
-    auto _data = json::parse(data);
-    _id = _data.at("id");
-    _screen_name = _data.at("screen_name");
-    _name = _data.at("name");
-  }
-  
-  user_id user::getID() const
+    auto json = nlohmann::json::parse(data);
+    _id = json["id"].get<user_id>();
+    _screen_name = json["screen_name"].get<std::string>();
+    _name = json["name"].get<std::string>();
+  } catch (const std::invalid_argument& error)
   {
-    return _id;
-  }
-  
-  std::string user::getScreenName() const
+    std::throw_with_nested(malformed_object("user", data));
+  } catch (const std::domain_error& error)
   {
-    return _screen_name;
+    std::throw_with_nested(malformed_object("user", data));
   }
   
-  std::string user::getName() const
+  std::set<user_id> user::getFriends() const
   {
-    return _name;
+    return _client.getFriends(_id);
   }
   
-  user::operator bool() const
+  std::set<user_id> user::getFollowers() const
   {
-    return _valid;
+    return _client.getFollowers(_id);
   }
   
-  bool user::operator==(const user& other) const
+  void user::follow() const
   {
-    return _id == other._id;
+    _client.follow(_id);
   }
   
-  bool user::operator!=(const user& other) const
+  void user::unfollow() const
   {
-    return _id != other._id;
+    _client.unfollow(_id);
   }
 
 };
@@ -2,26 +2,52 @@
 #define USER_H_BF3AB38C
 
 #include <string>
+#include <set>
 
 namespace twitter {
   
+  class client;
+  
   typedef unsigned long long user_id;
   
   class user {
     public:
-      user();
-      user(std::string data);
       
-      user_id getID() const;
-      std::string getScreenName() const;
-      std::string getName() const;
+      user(const client& tclient, std::string data);
+      
+      user_id getID() const
+      {
+        return _id;
+      }
+      
+      std::string getScreenName() const
+      {
+        return _screen_name;
+      }
+      
+      std::string getName() const
+      {
+        return _name;
+      }
       
-      operator bool() const;
-      bool operator==(const user& other) const;
-      bool operator!=(const user& other) const;
+      bool operator==(const user& other) const
+      {
+        return _id == other._id;
+      }
+      
+      bool operator!=(const user& other) const
+      {
+        return _id != other._id;
+      }
+      
+      std::set<user_id> getFriends() const;
+      std::set<user_id> getFollowers() const;
+      void follow() const;
+      void unfollow() const;
       
     private:
-      bool _valid = false;
+      
+      const client& _client;
       user_id _id;
       std::string _screen_name;
       std::string _name;
@@ -24,6 +24,12 @@ namespace twitter {
     return result.str();
   }
   
+  template<typename T, typename... Args>
+  std::unique_ptr<T> make_unique(Args&&... args)
+  {
+      return std::unique_ptr<T>(new T(std::forward<Args>(args)...));
+  }
+  
 };
 
 #endif /* end of include guard: UTIL_H_440DEAA0 */